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santosh chaudhary
# Friendship is not how long we have been together not how much you have given or received. Not how many times we have helped each other. It's only how we value one another. # True friends are those who care without hesitation, remember without limitation, forgive without any explanation & luv even with little communication! So many ways to say 'I Love You', but not enough words in the world to say how much I Love u
Life
WHAT IS LIFE
WRITEN BY SANTOSH CHAUDAHRY
Chapter 1
WHAT IS LIFE
Life (cf. biota) is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes (i. e., living organisms) from those that do not,[1][2] either because such functions have ceased (death), or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate.[3][4] Biology is the science concerned with the study of life. Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.[1][5] A diverse array of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and the properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information. In philosophy and religion, the conception of life and its nature varies. Both offer interpretations as to how life relates to existence and consciousness, and both touch on many related issues, including life stance, purpose, conception of a god or gods, a soul or an afterlife
Materialism
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Some of the earliest theories of life were materialist, holding that all that exists is matter, and that all life is merely a complex form or arrangement of matter. Empedocles (430 BC) argued that every thing in the universe is made up of a combination of four eternal "elements" or "roots of all": earth, water, air, and fire. All change is explained by the arrangement and rearrangement of these four elements. The various forms of life are caused by an appropriate mixture of elements. For example, growth in plants is explained by the natural downward movement of earth and the natural upward movement of fire.[6]
Democritus (460 BC), the disciple of Leucippus, thought that the essential characteristic of life is having a soul (psyche). In common with other ancient writers, he used the term to mean the principle of living things that causes them to function as a living thing. He thought the soul was composed of fire atoms, because of the apparent connection between life and heat, and because fire moves.[7] He also suggested that humans originally lived like animals, gradually developing communities to help one another, originating language, and developing crafts and agriculture.[8]
In the scientific revolution of the 17th century, mechanistic ideas were revived by philosophers like Descartes
Hylomorphism is the theory (originating with Aristotle (322 BC)) that all things are a combination of matter and form. Aristotle was one of the first ancient writers to approach the subject of life in a scientific way. Biology was one of his main interests, and there is extensive biological material in his extant writings. According to him, all things in the material universe have both matter and form. The form of a living thing is its soul (Greek psyche, Latin anima). There are three kinds of souls: the "vegetative soul" of plants, which causes them to grow and decay and nourish themselves, but does not cause motion and sensation; the "animal soul" which causes animals to move and feel; and the rational soul which is the source of consciousness and reasoning which (Aristotle believed) is found only in man.[9] Each higher soul has all the attributes of the lower one. Aristotle believed that while matter can exist without form, form cannot exist without matter, and therefore the soul cannot exist without the body.[10]
Hylomorphism
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Consistent with this account is a teleological explanation of life. A teleological explanation accounts for phenomena in terms of their purpose or goal-directedness. Thus, the whiteness of the polar bear's coat is explained by its purpose of camouflage. The direction of causality is the other way round from materialistic science, which explains the consequence in terms of a prior cause. Modern biologists now reject this functional view in terms of a material and causal one: biological features are to be explained not by looking forward to future optimal results, but by looking backwards to the past evolutionary history of a species, which led to the natural selection of the features in question
Vitalism
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Vitalism is the belief that the life-principle is essentially immaterial. This originated with Stahl (17th century), and held sway until the middle of the 19th century. It appealed to philosophers such as Henri Bergson, Nietzsche, Wilhelm Dilthey, anatomists like Bichat, and chemists like Liebig.
Vitalism underpinned the idea of a fundamental separation of organic and inorganic material, and the belief that organic material can only be derived from living things. This was disproved in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler prepared urea from inorganic materials. This so-called Wöhler synthesis is considered the starting point of modern organic chemistry. It is of great historical significance because for the first time an organic compound was produced from inorganic reactants.
Later, Helmholtz, anticipated by Mayer, demonstrated that no energy is lost in muscle movement, suggesting that there were no vital forces necessary to move a muscle. These empirical results led to the abandonment of scientific interest in vitalistic theories, although the belief lingered on in non-scientific theories such as homeopathy, which interprets diseases and sickness as caused by disturbances in a hypothetical vital force or life force
Definitions
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It is still a challenge for scientists and philosophers to define life in unequivocal terms.[11][12][13] Defining life is difficult—in part—because life is a process, not a pure substance.[14] Any definition must be sufficiently broad to encompass all life with which we are familiar, and it should be sufficiently general that, with it, scientists would not miss life that may be fundamentally different from life on Earth
Biology
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Since there is no unequivocal definition of life, the current understanding is descriptive, where life is a characteristic of organisms that exhibit all or most of the following
# Homeostasis: Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, electrolyte concentration or sweating to reduce temperature.
# Organization: Being structurally composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.
# Metabolism: Transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism). Living things require energy to maintain internal organization (homeostasis) and to produce the other phenomena associated with life.
# Growth: Maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism. A growing organism increases in size in all of its parts, rather than simply accumulating matter.
# Adaptation: The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment. This ability is fundamental to the process of evolution and is determined by the organism's heredity as well as the composition of metabolized substances, and external factors present.
# Response to stimuli: A response can take many forms, from the contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals, to complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular organisms. A response is often expressed by motion, for example, the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun (phototropism) and by chemotaxis.
# Reproduction: The ability to produce new individual organisms, either asexually from a single parent organism, or sexually from two parent organisms
Life
HUMAN LIFE
WRITEN BY SANTOSH CHAUDAHRY
Chapter2
HUMAN LIFE
Etymology
Further information: Man (word) and List of alternative names for the human species The English adjective human is a Middle English loan from Old French humain, ultimately from Latin humanus, the adjective of homo "man". Use as a noun (with a plural humans) dates to the 16th century.[13] The native English term man is now often reserved for male adults, but can still be used for "mankind" in general in Modern English.[14] The word is from Proto-Germanic *mannaz, from a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root *man-, cognate to Sanskrit manu-. The generic name Homo is a learned 18th century derivation from Latin homo "man", ultimately "earthly being" (Old Latin hemo, cognate to Old English guma "man", from PIE *d???emon-, meaning 'earth' or 'ground'History
Evolution
Main article: Human evolution Further information: Anthropology, Homo (genus), and Timeline of human evolution Plesiadapis A reconstruction of Australopithecus afarensis, a human ancestor that had developed bipedalism, but which lacked the large brain of modern humans The scientific study of human evolution encompasses the development of the genus Homo, but usually involves studying other hominids and hominines as well, such as Australopithecus. "Modern humans" are defined as the Homo sapiens species, of which the only extant subspecies is known as Homo sapiens sapiens. Homo sapiens idaltu (roughly translated as "elder wise human"), the other known subspecies, is now extinct.[16] Homo neanderthalensis, which became extinct 30,000 years ago, has sometimes been classified as a subspecies, "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis"; genetic studies now suggest that the functional DNA of modern humans and Neanderthals diverged 500,000 years ago.[17] Similarly, the few specimens of Homo rhodesiensis have also occasionally been classified as a subspecies, but this is not widely accepted. Anatomically modern humans first appear in the fossil record in Africa about 195,000 years ago, and studies of molecular biology give evidence that the approximate time of divergence from the common ancestor of all modern human populations was 200,000 years ago.[18][19][20][21][22] The broad study of African genetic diversity headed by Dr. Sarah Tishkoff found the San people to express the greatest genetic diversity among the 113 distinct populations sampled, making them one of 14 "ancestral population clusters". The research also located the origin of modern human migration in south-western Africa, near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola.[23] The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back 65 million years, as one of the oldest of all surviving placental mammal groups. The oldest known primate-like mammal species (those of the genus Plesiadapis) come from North America, but they were widespread in Eurasia and Africa during the tropical conditions of the Paleocene and Eocene. Molecular evidence suggests that the last common ancestor between humans and the remaining great apes diverged between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to the humans; the functional human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics). Therefore, the closest living relatives of humans are gorillas and chimpanzees, as they share a common ancestor.[24] Humans are probably most closely related to two chimpanzee species: Common Chimpanzee and Bonobo.[24] Full genome sequencing has resulted in the conclusion that "after 6.5 [million] years of separate evolution, the differences between chimpanzee and human are ten times greater than those between two unrelated people and ten times less than those between rats and mice".[attribution needed] Suggested concurrence between the functional human and chimpanzee DNA sequences range between 95% and 99%;[25][26][27][28] It has been estimated that the human lineage diverged from that of chimpanzees about five million years ago, and from that of gorillas about eight million years ago. However, a hominid skull discovered in Chad in 2001, classified as Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is approximately seven million years old, which may indicate an earlier divergence.[29] Human evolution is characterised by a number of important morphological, developmental, physiological and behavioural changes, which have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The first major morphological change was the evolution of a bipedal locomotor adaptation from an arboreal or semi-arboreal one,[30] with all its attendant adaptations, such as a valgus knee, low intermembral index (long legs relative to the arms), and reduced upper-body strength. Later, ancestral humans developed a much larger brain – typically 1,400 cm³ in modern humans, over twice the size of that of a chimpanzee or gorilla. The pattern of human postnatal brain growth differs from that of other apes (heterochrony), and allows for extended periods of social learning and language acquisition in juvenile humans. Physical anthropologists[who?] argue that the differences between the structure of human brains and those of other apes are even more significant than their differences in size. Other significant morphological changes included the evolution of a power and precision grip,[31] a reduced masticatory system, a reduction of the canine tooth, and the descent of the larynx and hyoid bone, making speech possible. An important physiological change in humans was the evolution of hidden oestrus, or concealed ovulation, which may have coincided with the evolution of important behavioural changes, such as pair bonding. Another significant behavioural change was the development of material culture, with human-made objects becoming increasingly common and diversified over time. The relationship between all these changes is the subject of ongoing debate.[32][33] The forces of natural selection have continued to operate on human populations, with evidence that certain regions of the genome display directional selection in the past 15,000 yearsPaleolithic
Further information: Recent African Origin, Archaic Homo sapiens, Upper Paleolithic, and Early human migrations Artistic expression appeared in the Upper Paleolithic: The Venus of Dolní Vestonice figurine, one of the earliest known depictions of the human body, dates to approximately 29,000–25,000 BP (Gravettian). Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in Africa in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago. By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic 50,000 BP (Before Present), full behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed. The out of Africa migration is estimated to have occurred about 70,000 years BP. Modern humans subsequently spread to all continents, replacing earlier hominids: they inhabited Eurasia and Oceania by 40,000 BP, and the Americas at least 14,500 years BP.[35] A popular theory is that they displaced Homo neanderthalensis and other species descended from Homo erectus[36] (which had inhabited Eurasia as early as 2 million years ago) through more successful reproduction and competition for resources.[37] The exact manner or extent of the coexistence and interaction of these species is unknown and remains a controversial subject.[citation needed] Evidence from archaeogenetics accumulating since the 1990s has lent strong support to the "out-of-Africa" scenario, and has marginalized the competing multiregional hypothesis, which proposed that modern humans evolved, at least in part, from independent hominid populations.[38] Geneticists Lynn Jorde and Henry Harpending of the University of Utah propose that the variation in human DNA is minute compared to that of other species. They also propose that during the Late Pleistocene, the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs – no more than 10,000, and possibly as few as 1,000 – resulting in a very small residual gene pool. Various reasons for this hypothetical bottleneck have been postulated, one being the Toba catastrophe theoryTransition to civilization
Main articles: Neolithic revolution and Cradle of Civilization Further information: History of the world The rise of agriculture, and domestication of animals, led to stable human settlements. The path followed by humans in the course of history Until c. 10,000 years ago, most humans lived as hunter-gatherers. They generally lived in small nomadic groups known as band societies. The advent of agriculture prompted the Neolithic Revolution, when access to food surplus led to the formation of permanent human settlements, the domestication of animals and the use of metal tools. Agriculture encouraged trade and cooperation, and led to complex society. Because of the significance of this date for human society, it is the epoch of the Holocene calendar or Human Era. About 6,000 years ago, the first proto-states developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt's Nile Valley and the Indus Valleys. Military forces were formed for protection, and government bureaucracies for administration. States cooperated and competed for resources, in some cases waging wars. Around 2,000–3,000 years ago, some states, such as Persia, India, China, Rome, and Greece, developed through conquest into the first expansive empires. Influential religions, such as Judaism, originating in West Asia, and Hinduism, a religious tradition that originated in South Asia, also rose to prominence at this time. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of revolutionary ideas and technologies. In China, an advanced and urbanized society promoted innovations and sciences, such as printing and seed drilling. In India, major advancements were made in mathematics, philosophy, religion and metallurgy. The Islamic Golden Age saw major scientific advancements in Muslim empires. In Europe, the rediscovery of classical learning and inventions such as the printing press led to the Renaissance in the 14th and 15th centuries. Over the next 500 years, exploration and colonialism brought great parts of the world under European control, leading to later struggles for independence. The Scientific Revolution in the 17th century and the Industrial Revolution in the 18th–19th centuries promoted major innovations in transport, such as the railway and automobile; energy development, such as coal and electricity; and government, such as representative democracy and Communism. With the advent of the Information Age at the end of the 20th century, modern humans live in a world that has become increasingly globalized and interconnected. As of 2010, almost 2 billion humans are able to communicate with each other via the Internet,[40] and 3.3 billion by mobile phone subscriptions.[41] Although interconnection between humans has encouraged the growth of science, art, discussion, and technology, it has also led to culture clashes and the development and use of weapons of mass destruction. Human civilization has led to environmental destruction and pollution, producing an ongoing mass extinction of other forms of life called the holocene extinction event,[42] that may be further accelerated by global warming in the futureHabitat and population
Further information: Human migration, Demography, and World population See also: City, Town, Nomad, Camping, Farm, House, Watercraft, Infrastructure, Architecture, Building, and Engineering Humans often live in family-based social structures and create artificial shelter. Early human settlements, were dependent on proximity to water and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources used for subsistence, such as populations of animal prey for hunting and arable land for growing crops and grazing livestock. But humans have a great capacity for altering their habitats by means of technology; through irrigation, urban planning, construction, transport, manufacturing goods, deforestation and desertification. Deliberate habitat alteration is often done with the goals of increasing material wealth, increasing thermal comfort, improving the amount of food available, improving aesthetics, or improving ease of access to resources or other human settlements. With the advent of large-scale trade and transport infrastructure, proximity to these resources has become unnecessary, and in many places, these factors are no longer a driving force behind the growth and decline of a population. Nonetheless, the manner in which a habitat is altered is often a major determinant in population change. Technology has allowed humans to colonize all of the continents and adapt to virtually all climates. Within the last century, humans have explored Antarctica, the ocean depths, and outer space, although large-scale colonization of these environments is not yet feasible. With a population of over six billion, humans are among the most numerous of the large mammals. Most humans (61%) live in Asia. The remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%), Europe (11%), and Oceania (0.5%). Human habitation within closed ecological systems in hostile environments, such as Antarctica and outer space, is expensive, typically limited in duration, and restricted to scientific, military, or industrial expeditions. Life in space has been very sporadic, with no more than thirteen humans in space at any given time. Between 1969 and 1972, two humans at a time spent brief intervals on the Moon. As of March 2011, no other celestial body has been visited by humans, although there has been a continuous human presence in space since the launch of the initial crew to inhabit the International Space Station on October 31, 2000. However, other celestial bodies have been visited by human-made objects. Since 1800, the human population has increased from one billion to over six billion.[44] In 2004, some 2.5 billion out of 6.3 billion people (39.7%) lived in urban areas, and this percentage is expected to continue to rise throughout the 21st century. In February 2008, the U.N. estimated that half the world's population will live in urban areas by the end of the year.[45] Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and crime,[46] especially in inner city and suburban slums. Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment. As humans are rarely preyed upon, they have been described as superpredators.[47] Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.[48] Human activity is believed to be a major contributor to the ongoing Holocene extinction event, which is a form of mass extinction. If this continues at its current rate it is predicted that it will wipe out half of all species over the next century
Life
STUDENT LIFE
WRITEN BY SANTOSH CHAUDAHRY
Chapter3
STUDENT LIFE
Plot
At Fallbrook Middle School, the annual student-elected Teacher of the Year award is held. And every year for the last 20 years Norman Warner or most fondly called Stormin' Norman Warner has won the award. Now that he has died, the burden of carrying the legacy falls into the hands of Matt Warner, the son of the late Norman Warner who has always lived in the shadow of his father. Determined to keep the family tradition of being Teacher of the Year alive, Matt focuses all his attention and efforts in winning the coveted title. But once again there is someone in his way, the new history teacher, Mr. santosh chaudhary, but immediately called, even by fellow and senior teachers, "Mr.santosh chaudhary, funny, having unconventional methods of teaching and his uncanny ability to connect with his students he quickly wins their hearts, not only of the students but also the teachers especially the young art teacher, Ms. Davies. Now the most popular teacher on campus, Matt has no chances of winning against Mr. D. Now obsessed with discrediting Mr. navin chaudhary soon forgets what it means to be a teacher... Desperate to find a flaw in "Mr Perfect", Matt follows D around town and discovers a secret the alarmingly perfect teacher is hiding: Mr. D has been diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer and does not have long to live. Shocked by the startling discovery into realising his own pettiness, Matt slowly changes his ways of teaching and in the process wins the hearts of his students. When Mr. D stops coming in for work because of his worsening lung cancer, the students become saddened by the situation. Matt steps in to cheer up the student's spirits and leads the basketball team to a victory with a special guest appearance with 30 seconds left in the game by Mr. santosh chaudhary. The film concludes with three years having passed: Matt's own son is now in high school, and Matt is teaching a brand new year of pupils in his life science class. He has won the Teacher of the Year for the last two years, Mr. santosh chaudhary won the award in the school year of 2010. The art teacher, Ms. santosh chaudhary, inherited Mr. santosh chaudhary car. The film ends with a close-up of a photo in Matt's classroom of himself, Mr. D, and the basketball team with "santosh chaudhary 2008-2011" enscribed on the bottom of the framePlot summary
Two kids debate about if they should go to school or not. One of the kids, Stanley, decides to go to school because they might actually learn something this time which makes the other kid shrug and walk away. His teacher, Miss Given, hands out the answers to everything and the only problem is that he has to share his copy with a school bully named GarthReception
An Iofilm review says, "This is neatly shot and well acted but it isn't particularly memorable. Also, what is with these character names? When was the last time you met a school kid named Stanley? And, more importantly, why give the teacher a name that seems to have escaped from Pilgrim's Progress? Grumbles aside, you should watch it, you might just learn something."[1] It won a BIFA award for Best nepali Short Film in 2010
creat an 0rdered and unordered list
creat an 0rdered and unordered list
nepal
- Esterna Devlopment Region
- Mechi
- Koshi
- Sagarmatha
- Central Development Region
- janakpur
- Narayani
- Chitwan
- Manakawanpur
- Bara
- Rautahat
- mid-western Developement region
- gandaki
- lumbini
- Dhaulagiri
- western-development region
- Rapti
- veri
- Karnali
- far western-development region
- seti
- mahakali
A STORY OF CLEAVER FOX
WRITEN BY SANTOSH CHAUDAHRY
Chapter4
A STORY OF CLEAVER FOX
Life
campus LIFE
WRITEN BY SANTOSH CHAUDAHRY
Chapter5
campus LIFE
Campus Lifestyle..
It's a diverse community of students at SRM University, and the activities on offer are as diverse and varied too. From entertainment to extra-curricular or even religious pursuits, there's never a dull moment on campus. There's never a dull moment on campus, as the activities on offer are as diverse and varied too - from entertainment to extra-curricular or even religious pursuitsStudent Affairs..
All activity related to extracurricular programs, forums, clubs, community service, and entrepreneurship cell and students council are managed by the student affairs department. Counselors are available to guide students and share personal issuesHousing & Dining..
The student accommodation at SRM is a "home away from home". There are separate hostels for men and women on the campus, with all facilities for study and recreation. Besides hostel dining facility, there are food outlets and cafes too, open 12 to 15 hours a day.Diversity
It's a 'mini India' out here at the SRM university campus - with students from all over India and other parts of the world. The campus reflects this cosmopolitan aspect of the student community, with celebrations of regional festivalsCommunity Centers=
Students are initiated into community service at SRM, and are encouraged to actively participate in the many social initiatives such as Annsh - the school for drop-outs, Butterflies project - the cultural and sports forum for underprivileged children, etcClubs
Several clubs are active on the SRM university campus, initiated by enthusiastic students. The Robotics Club is a good example, motivating students, distributing low cost kits, conducting workshops and organizing competitionsReligious Life
There are prayer halls on campus, for all the major religions